A Beginner's Guide to Decentralized Finance (DeFi)

TL;DR
DeFi lets users access crypto financial services with just no more than a wallet with some crypto. A range of DApps facilitates lending, liquidity provision, swaps, staking, and more across many blockchains.
While Ethereum was DeFi's original home, most blockchains with smart contract capabilities now host DeFi DApps. Smart contracts are essential to the services DeFi offers, which include staking, investing, lending, harvesting, and more.
So far, DeFi has allowed people to optimize their yield, join decentralized marketplaces, access banking services, and engage in quick borrowing and lending. However, DeFi isn't without its risks, and you should always research any project carefully before taking risks.
IntroductionEntering the DeFi world can be exciting to many but confusing as well. After some time HODLing, it's common to wonder how you can squeeze some extra gains out of your portfolio. However, there's a lot to unpack when it comes to DeFi.
When used responsibly, DeFi DApps and projects can become powerful tools. But if you jump in too soon, it's easy to become overwhelmed and make unwise investment decisions. The best way to get involved is to learn the risks and find what's suitable for you. With this in mind, let's explore the basics you'll need when starting your DeFi journey.
What Is Decentralized Finance (DeFi)?Decentralized finance (or simply DeFi) refers to an ecosystem of financial applications built on blockchain networks. 
More specifically, the term DeFi may refer to a movement that aims to create an open-source, permissionless, and transparent financial service ecosystem. One that is available to everyone and operates without any central authority. The users would maintain complete control over their assets and interact with this ecosystem through peer-to-peer (P2P), decentralized applications (DApps).
The core benefit of DeFi is enabling easy access to financial services, especially for those who are isolated from the traditional financial system. Another advantage of DeFi is the modular framework it’s built upon, with interoperable DeFi applications on public blockchains. These have the potential to create entirely new financial markets, products, and services.
What Are the Main Advantages of DeFi?Traditional finance relies on institutions such as banks to act as intermediaries and courts to provide arbitration.
DeFi applications don’t need any intermediaries or arbitrators. The code specifies the resolution of every possible dispute, and the users maintain control over their funds at all times. This automation reduces the costs associated with providing and using these products and allows for a more frictionless financial system.
As these new financial services are deployed on top of blockchains, single points of failure are eliminated. The data is recorded on the blockchain and spread across thousands of nodes, making censorship or the potential shutdown of a service a complicated undertaking. 
Another significant advantage of such an open ecosystem is the ease of access for individuals who otherwise wouldn't have access to any financial services. Since the traditional financial system relies on the intermediaries making a profit, their services are typically absent from locations with low-income communities. However, with DeFi, the costs are significantly reduced, and low-income individuals can also benefit from a broader range of financial services.
What Are the Potential Use Cases for DeFi?Borrowing and lendingOpen lending protocols are among the most popular application types in the DeFi ecosystem. Open, decentralized borrowing and lending have many advantages over the traditional credit system. These include instant transaction settlement, no credit checks, and the ability to collateralize digital assets.
Since these lending services are built on public blockchains, they minimize the amount of trust required and have the assurance of cryptographic verification methods. Lending marketplaces on the blockchain reduce counterparty risk and make borrowing and lending cheaper, faster, and available to more people.
Monetary banking servicesAs DeFi applications are, by definition, financial applications, monetary banking services are an obvious use case for them. These can include the issuance of stablecoins, mortgages, and insurance.
As the blockchain industry matures, there's an increased focus on creating stablecoins. They are crypto assets usually pegged to real-world assets that are easily digitally transferable. As cryptocurrency prices can fluctuate rapidly at times, decentralized stablecoins could be adopted for everyday use as digital currencies that are not issued and monitored by a central authority. 
Because of the number of intermediaries involved, getting a mortgage is expensive and time-consuming. With smart contracts, underwriting and legal fees could be reduced significantly.
Insurance on the blockchain could eliminate the need for intermediaries and allow the distribution of risk between many participants. This could result in lower premiums with the same quality of service.
Decentralized marketplacesSome of the most popular DeFi applications available are Decentralized Exchanges (DEXs), such as Binance DEX. These platforms allow users to trade digital assets without needing a trusted intermediary (the exchange) to hold their funds. The trades are made directly between user wallets with the help of smart contracts. 
Some exchanges, known as Automated Market Makers (AMMs), use liquidity pools to facilitate trading without directly needing a counterparty to match your trade. Uniswap and Pancake Swap are two of the best-known examples. Since they require less maintenance work and managing, decentralized exchanges typically have lower trading fees than centralized exchanges.
Blockchain technology may also be used to issue and allow ownership of a wide range of conventional financial instruments. These applications would work in a decentralized way that cuts out custodians and eliminates single points of failure.
Security token issuance platforms, for example, may provide the tools and resources for issuers to launch tokenized securities on the blockchain with customizable parameters.
Other projects may allow the creation of derivatives, synthetic assets, decentralized prediction markets, and many more.
Yield optimizationDeFi DApps can be used to automate and optimize the compound of yield gained from staking, reward pools, and other interest-bearing products. You may sometimes hear yield optimization referred to as yield farming. 
For example, you might receive regular rewards from Bitcoin mining, delegating BNB, or providing liquidity. A smart contract can take your rewards, purchase more of the underlying asset, and reinvest it. This process will compound your interest, often significantly raising your returns.
Of course, you can do this manually. Using a smart contract, however, saves time and optimizes compounding. Your funds are usually pooled together with other users’, meaning that gas fees are shared across all members of the yield optimizing smart contract. 
What Role Do Smart Contracts Play in DeFi?Most of the existing and potential applications of decentralized finance involve creating and executing smart contracts. While a usual contract uses legal terminology to specify the terms of the relationship between the entities entering the contract, a smart contract uses computer code.
Since their terms are written in computer code, smart contracts have the unique ability to enforce those terms in an automated manner. This enables the reliable execution and automation of many business processes that currently require manual supervision.
Using smart contracts is faster, easier, and reduces the risk for both parties. On the other hand, smart contracts also introduce new types of risks. As computer code is prone to have bugs and vulnerabilities, the value and confidential information locked in smart contracts are at risk.
What Challenges Does DeFi Face?Poor performanceBlockchains are inherently slower than their centralized counterparts, affecting the applications built on them. The developers of DeFi applications need to take these limitations into account and optimize their products accordingly.
High risk of user errorDeFi applications transfer the responsibility from the intermediaries to the user. This can be a negative aspect for many. Designing products that minimize the risk of user error is a tough challenge when the products are deployed on top of immutable blockchains.
Bad user experienceCurrently, using DeFi applications requires extra effort on the user's part. For DeFi applications to be a core element of the global financial system, they must provide a tangible benefit that incentivizes users to switch over from the traditional system.
Cluttered ecosystemIt can be a daunting task to find the most suitable application for a specific use case, and users must have the ability to find the best choices. The challenge is not only building the applications but also thinking about how they fit into the broader DeFi ecosystem.
What Are the Risks of DeFi?While the DeFi world can offer appealing APYs, it is not without risks. Even though they are decentralized, you are essentially consuming financial services, and some of the risks are familiar:
Counterparty RiskIf you take part in crypto loans or any other kind of lending, you’re at risk of the counterparty not repaying their debt.
Regulatory RiskThe legality of certain services and projects can be difficult to ascertain. If you are invested in a smart contract that is subsequently shut down due to regulatory problems, then your funds can be at risk.
Token RiskThe assets you hold have different risk levels affected by their liquidity, trustworthiness, token smart contract security, and associated project and team. As the DeFi pace has many low market-cap tokens, token risk can be particularly high.
Software RiskCode vulnerabilities can undermine the security of smart contracts you’re invested in. Your wallet could also be compromised due to connecting to DeFi DApps and giving them certain permissions.
Impermanent LossIf you’re staking in liquidity pools, divergences away from the price ratio you entered at will cause you to lose some tokens deposited in the pool if you withdraw.
Where Can I Find DeFi Projects?Ethereum has long been the traditional home of DeFi. However, there are now many blockchains to choose from with healthy DeFi ecosystems. Almost any network with smart contract capabilities can host DeFi DApps. BNB Chain is a popular choice, along with Fantom, Solana, Polkadot, and Avalanche.
Finding projects and DeFi protocols will require some research. Online forums, messengers, and websites can help you learn about new opportunities. However, you need to be extremely careful with any information you find. Always be cautious and double-check the safety of any project you read or hear about.
DeFi Project ExamplesFISStaFi is a DeFi project that helps unlock the liquidity of staked assets in the crypto ecosystem. It allows users to stake various proof-of-stake (PoS) tokens and receive tradable and transferable rTokens in return. rTokens are “synthetic staking derivatives” anchored to the staked PoS tokens. 
Currently, StaFi users can stake tokens such as ETH, FIS, BNB, DOT, KSM, MATIC, SOL, and some of the tokens from the Cosmos ecosystem, such as ATOM, IRIS, and HUAHUA.
StaFi also has another native token called FIS, which can be used to pay network transaction fees to StaFi and StaFiHub (a cross-chain staking derivative platform on Cosmos). Similarly, FIS can be used to pay relay fees in a cross-chain bridge between StaFi, StaFiHub, and target chains. In addition, FIS can be staked to participate in StaFi’s and StaFiHub’s consensus mechanism and governance.
QIBENQI is a DeFi protocol on Avalanche that aims to give users and developers access to capital-efficient DeFi products. The BENQI ecosystem has established two main protocols — BENQI Liquid Staking (BLS) and BENQI Liquidity Market (BLM).
BLS is a liquid staking solution that tokenizes staked AVAX (sAVAX) to allow users to utilize yield-bearing assets within DeFi applications. With sAVAX, users can freely transfer, trade, and participate in the DeFi space and earn additional yield through various DApps.
BLM enables users to easily lend, borrow, and earn interest on their crypto assets. Depositors providing liquidity to the protocol earn yield, while borrowers can borrow in an over-collateralized manner. Users can participate in these operations with cryptocurrencies such as BTC, ETH, AVAX, sAVAX, and stablecoins. 
BENQI has also launched a validator bootstrapping platform on Avalanche called Ignite. Users can use it to stake QI (BENQI’s native governance and utility token) as collateral and launch Avalanche validating nodes and subnets with a significant cost reduction. Furthermore, Ignite allows builders and enterprises to utilize it to build innovative products.
In addition to playing a central role in Ignite, QI anchors the development of BENQI and provides an additional yield for Avalanche validators through vote-escrowed QI (veQI).
KNCThe Kyber Network is a multi-chain hub of liquidity protocols designed to make DeFi trading more efficient and cost-effective. Kyber Network's flagship product, KyberSwap, is a full-feature decentralized exchange (DEX) with functionalities that include an aggregator API and limit order API. It is also completely permissionless and one of the most integrated aggregators in the DeFi space across 14 chains.
At the same time, it allows users to trade efficiently by ensuring favorable rates for trades with a special router and gas-efficient smart contracts. Users can also earn rewards from KyberSwap by providing liquidity.
KyberSwap’s numerous other features include Discover, a tool for discovering tokens in their early stages using on-chain data across a wide range of tokens. Pro Trading Tools gives users access to technical analysis features and the Multi-chain Bridge allows users to trade tokens across chains, while the On-ramp feature allows users to buy crypto on KyberSwap using Visa, Master, GPay, or Apple Pay.
KyberSwap's native token, KNC, fuels the Kyber Network ecosystem. It can be used to participate in the KyberDAO and vote on all governance proposals related to the future of the network through the staking of KNC assets and the delegation of votes to a third-party platform. KNC holders can also stake their tokens in eligible farming pools and earn liquidity-mining rewards.
ALCXAlchemix is a DeFi lending platform governed by a decentralized autonomous organization (DAO). It strives to bring self-repaying, interest-free, non-liquidating loans to the DeFi ecosystem by providing users with an advance of their future yield from deposited assets.
Alchemix does so using synthetic tokens known as alAssets, which represent a fungible claim on any underlying collateral in the Alchemix protocol. However, the claim must be made by a depositor of that collateral. 
Alchemix also has a native governance token, ALCX, which can be used for governance voting and in auto-compounding staking. Furthermore, the project plans to launch the veALCX token and Alchemix DAO to focus on funding projects that will help grow the Alchemix ecosystem and the Ethereum community.
What Do I Need to Access DeFi Projects?To start using to DeFi DApps, you'll need: 
A compatible walletA browser extension wallet like MetaMask or a mobile one such as Trust Wallet will do the job. A custodial wallet (one where you don't own the private keys) is less likely to allow you to connect to DApps.
CryptoThis seems obvious, but you might need a mixture of assets. For example, using any DApp on BNB Chain will require BNB to pay your gas fees. Ethereum will require Ether (ETH). If you want to get started with liquidity pools and stake manually, you'll need a pair of coins of equal monetary value.
At its most basic, that's all you'll need. If you don't feel comfortable setting this up yourself, you can still access some DeFi services through a centralized entity. We'll cover this in a later section discussing centralized finance (CeFi).
DeFi vs Traditional FinanceArguably the most significant difference between DeFi and traditional finance is accessibility. Anyone can create a wallet and begin using DeFi services so long as they have some crypto. There are no sign-ups or identity verification needed. To access traditional finance services, Know Your Customer (KYC) checks must be completed and other conditions met. This fundamental difference makes DeFi accessible to the unbanked, improving financial inclusion.
DeFi also offers financial services that aren't available in the traditional realm. By layering different DeFi services (sometimes known as DeFi legos), it's possible to create brand new products that utilize multiple platforms. This flexibility allows for innovative products that anyone can develop strategies for.
DeFi vs Centralized Finance (CeFi)Even in the crypto world, not every financial service is decentralized. For example, staking through a centralized exchange like Binance often requires you to give up custody of your tokens. In this case, you must trust the centralized entity that deals with your funds.
The majority of the services offered will be the same. They likely are done through the same DeFi platforms that a user can access directly. However, CeFi takes away the often complicated nature of managing DeFi investments yourself. You may also have extra guarantees on your deposits.
CeFi is neither worse nor better than DeFi. Its suitability depends on your wants and needs. While you may sacrifice some control in CeFi, you often receive stronger guarantees and offload some responsibility for handling assets and executing transactions.
What Is the Difference Between DeFi and Open Banking?Open banking is a banking system where third-party financial service providers are given secure access to financial data through APIs. This enables the networking of accounts and data between banks and non-bank financial institutions. Essentially, it allows for new products and services within the traditional financial system. 
DeFi, however, proposes an entirely new financial system that is independent of the current infrastructure. DeFi is sometimes also referred to as open finance.
For example, open banking could allow the management of all traditional financial instruments in one application by securely drawing data from several banks and institutions. 
Decentralized finance, on the other hand, could allow the management of entirely new financial instruments and new ways of interacting with them.
Closing ThoughtsDecentralized finance is focused on building financial services separate from the traditional financial and political system. This would allow for a more open financial system and could potentially prevent precedents of censorship, financial surveillance, and discrimination worldwide.
While a tempting idea, not everything benefits from decentralization. Finding the use cases that are most suitable for the characteristics of blockchains is crucial in building a valuable stack of open financial products.
If successful, DeFi could take power away from large centralized organizations and put it in the hands of the open-source community and the individual. Whether that will create a more efficient financial system will be decided once DeFi is ready for mainstream adoption.
Disclaimer and Risk Warning: This content is presented to you on an “as is” basis for general information and educational purposes only, without representation or warranty of any kind. It should not be construed as financial, legal or other professional advice, nor is it intended to recommend the purchase of any specific product or service. You should seek your own advice from appropriate professional advisors. Where the article is contributed by a third party contributor, please note that those views expressed belong to the third party contributor, and do not necessarily reflect those of Binance Academy. Please read our full disclaimer here for further details. Digital asset prices can be volatile. The value of your investment may go down or up and you may not get back the amount invested. You are solely responsible for your investment decisions and Binance Academy is not liable for any losses you may incur. This material should not be construed as financial, legal or other professional advice. For more information, see our Terms of Use and Risk Warning.